Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) Optical Material

Multispectral infrared material for MWIR and LWIR systems

Transmission
~0.4–14 μm (Cleartran: 3–12 μm optimized)
Refractive Index
~2.2 @ 10.6 μm
Hardness
4 Mohs (softer than Ge)
Density
4.09 g/cm³
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Quick Answer

Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) is a versatile infrared optical material transmitting from approximately 0.4 μm (visible edge) to 14 μm. Available in regular (transparent yellow) and Cleartran (multispectral) grades, it covers both MWIR and LWIR bands. ZnS offers good mechanical strength, moisture resistance, and is widely used for thermal imaging, FLIR systems, and airborne IR optics.

What Is Zinc Sulfide (ZnS)?

Zinc Sulfide is a polycrystalline infrared optical material produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). It offers broad transmission from the visible edge (~0.4 μm) through the LWIR (14 μm), making it one of the few materials suitable for multispectral applications.

Two main grades are available: regular ZnS (amber/yellow, better MWIR transmission) and Cleartran ZnS (water-white, optimized for multispectral 3–12 μm performance). Both offer excellent moisture resistance and good mechanical durability.

Optical & Physical Properties

Reference data — verify with PhotonEdge for project-specific specifications.

Transmission Range~0.4–14 μm (Cleartran: 3–12 μm optimized)
Refractive Index~2.2 @ 10.6 μm
Density4.09 g/cm³
Hardness4 Mohs (softer than Ge)
CTE7.5 × 10⁻⁶ /K
Thermal Conductivity27 W/(m·K)
dn/dT6 × 10⁻⁵ /K (very low thermal shift)
Softening/Melting PointDecomposes > 1800°C

Typical Applications

Multispectral Systems

Optics that must operate across MWIR and LWIR simultaneously

Thermal Imaging

FLIR and thermal cameras (8–12 μm)

Airborne IR

Dome and window materials for airborne sensing

CO₂ Laser

Windows and lenses for 10.6 μm laser systems

Coating Considerations

Broadband AR (3-5 / 8-12 μm)

Dual-band AR for MWIR and LWIR. Essential for multispectral systems.

Typical use: Multispectral thermal imaging

AR 8-12 μm

Single-band LWIR AR coating.

Typical use: Thermal imaging cameras

Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC)

Hard protective overcoat for environmental durability.

Typical use: Outdoor/airborne systems

Engineering Considerations

Grade Selection

Regular ZnS for MWIR-optimized applications; Cleartran for multispectral or LWIR priority.

Hardness

Softer than Ge (4 vs 6 Mohs). Handle with care; consider protective coatings for exposed surfaces.

Thermal Stability

Very low dn/dT (6×10⁻⁵/K) — excellent for athermal optical designs across temperature ranges.

Scattering

CVD polycrystalline structure causes some scattering. Not suitable for high-precision imaging requiring minimal scatter.

Material Comparison

vs Germanium

ZnS covers broader range (MWIR+LWIR) but is softer. Ge is harder and has higher index for stronger optics.

vs ZnSe

ZnS has better multispectral performance; ZnSe has better transmission in specific bands and is preferred for CO₂ laser

vs Sapphire

ZnS covers IR; Sapphire covers UV-VIS-NIR. Different application domains.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between regular ZnS and Cleartran?

Regular ZnS is amber-colored and optimized for MWIR. Cleartran is water-white with optimized multispectral performance from 3 to 12 μm.

Can ZnS be used for CO₂ lasers?

Yes, ZnS transmits at 10.6 μm. However, ZnSe is often preferred for CO₂ laser due to lower absorption at that wavelength.

How does ZnS compare to Germanium?

ZnS covers both MWIR and LWIR (broader range), while Ge is limited to 2-14 μm but is harder and has a higher refractive index.

Is ZnS durable?

ZnS has moderate hardness (4 Mohs). It is less scratch-resistant than Ge or Sapphire. Protective overcoats (DLC) are recommended for exposed surfaces.

What is the thermal performance of ZnS?

Excellent. ZnS has very low dn/dT (6×10⁻⁵/K), making it nearly athermal — ideal for systems operating across wide temperature ranges.

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Optical Material

BK7 Optical Glass

BK7 is the most widely used optical glass for visible and near-infrared applications. A borosilicate crown glass, BK7 offers excellent optical clarity, good homogeneity, and reasonable cost — making it the default choice for many general-purpose optical components.

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Key Optical Properties

Property Value
Transmission Range 350 nm – 2.0 μm
Refractive Index 1.5168 @ 587.6nm
Thermal Expansion 7.1 × 10⁻⁶ /K (20-300°C)
Density 2.51 g/cm³
Knoop Hardness 610 HK

Advantages

  • Excellent visible transmission (>92% per surface uncoated)
  • High material homogeneity and consistency
  • Good chemical resistance and stability
  • Cost-effective — widely available in stock sizes
  • Suitable for most visible and NIR applications

Limitations

  • Not suitable for UV below 350nm
  • Higher thermal expansion than fused silica
  • Lower LIDT than fused silica for high-power lasers
  • Hygroscopic under extreme humidity conditions
  • Limited IR transmission beyond 2μm

Typical Applications

Imaging lenses and objectives

Beam splitters and prisms

General-purpose windows

Spectrometer optics

Machine vision systems

Common Coating Options

Standard coating types available for this material. Custom coating designs available on request.

Broadband AR (VIS, VIS-NIR)
Anti-reflection single-layer MgF₂
Protected/enhanced aluminum
Dielectric HR and partial reflector
Beam splitter coatings

Products Using Zinc Sulfide

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used for infrared window and IR optical applications. Custom ZnS components available upon engineering request.

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